The Basel Committee wrote in its update of the “Principles for the Sound Management of Operational Risk” in June 2011 that the frst line of defense is business line management. This underlines the continuous development from (ex-post) operational risk controlling to (ex-ante) operational...

One of the lessons learned from the recent financial crisis is the need to understand the systemic risk in the financial system – i.e., the risk (or probability) for the financial system ‘as a whole’ to turn unstable. As there are analogous concepts in the physics of complex systems, three...