reduces the basis of the labor force. As birth rates and mortality rates were rather stable in the past, our projection model …

This paper examines the association between lifetime income and old age mortality risk, referred to as the income–mortality … gradient, in Italy during the 1980s and 1990s. We find that the shape of the income–mortality gradient is characterized by two … mortality risk are negative and stronger at higher income levels. Results for the change in the income–mortality gradient …

English economy, from the 16th century to the Industrial Revolution. The first lay in finally permitting the discounting of … usury doctrine nevertheless required that they be non-negotiable, held until maturity, since discounting would have revealed … the implicit interest. Evidence for the Low Countries and England demonstrates that discounting, with legal transfers …