same unit operating costs. This provides an incentive for users to shift payments to the more risky network in normal times …

This paper examines the electronification of noncash payments in Finland and the extent to which noncash payment means … are used as substitutes for cash. We model the processes of cash substitution and electronification of payments as 'S … electronification process is clearly ongoing as regards larger-value bill payments, for small-value point-of-sale payments we seem to …

The goal of SEPA (Single Euro Payments Area) is to facilitate the emergence of a competitive, intra-European market by … making cross-border payments as easy as domestic transactions. With cross-border inter-operability for electronic payments …, card transactions will increasingly replace cash and checks for all types of payments. Using different methods, we estimate …