Summary This paper expands the empirical analysis of hysteresis in trade in two directions. First, it uses disaggregate data for exports from Germany to the U.S. to minimise aggregation problems. Second, it introduces a new non-linear model to test for the non-linear parameter. The model is...

Abstract We discuss competition policy issues of vertical integration in internetbased two-sided markets against the background of the Google antitrust allegations. Network effects and economics of scale often lead to dominating companies, which are integrated over several markets. This implies...

Abstract This paper is concerned with the question of how to deal with Google Shopping’s position on online markets in order to prevent harm to public welfare. From the perspective of sellers and buyers of goods and services in Germany, Google can be seen as a gatekeeper to the Internet and...