Abstract The paper considers the properties of and relations between confounding and effect modification from the … of confounding depends on how the exposure was assigned; the presence of effect modification does not. The possibility of … confounding without effect modification and vice versa is discussed both with respect to distribution and measure. Discussion is …

Abstract This paper reviews concepts, principles, and tools that have led to a coherent mathematical theory that … unifies the graphical, structural, and potential outcome approaches to causal inference. The theory provides solutions to a … number of pending problems in causal analysis, including questions of confounding control, policy analysis, mediation …

Abstract Unmeasured confounding is one of the most important threats to the validity of observational studies. In this … paper we scrutinize a recently proposed sensitivity analysis for unmeasured confounding. The analysis requires specification … implications of this sharp region for the interpretation of the E-value. We illustrate the theory with a real data example and a …

measurement and confounding. We describe two sets of conditions under which adjusting for a non-deferentially mismeasured proxy …

Abstract Residual confounding is a common source of bias in observational studies. In this article, we build upon a … series of sensitivity analyses methods for residual confounding developed by Brumback et al. and Chiba whose sensitivity …

digitization and more specifically big data analytics (BDA) and data science (DS) on organizations with a special emphasis on … review of the literature. Findings The development of analytics skills shall not pertain to data scientists only, it must … analytics and data science (BDADS) seems to collide with the dominant “functional silo design” that characterizes business …

, different mechanistic forms of interaction, when interaction is robust to unmeasured confounding, interaction for continuous …

structured into theory sections and example sections. The former are intended to serve as a brief but self-consistent tutorial in …