Virements are useful instruments of budget flexibility. If carried out transparently and within accepted limits, virements can promote expenditure efficiency. Large, unregulated virements can undermine budget credibility and the budget's relevance as principal policy and financial planning...

The Republic of Kazakhstan is the largest economy in central Asia, and one of the fastest growing in the region. Having benefited from oil wealth as well as a diversifying and liberalised economy, Kazakhstan envisages a progressive modernisation of the political, administrative and juridical...