. -- formal sanctions ; informal sanctions ; experiment ; voting ; cooperation ; punishment …

, even if punishment is costly. However, these studies focus on situations where there is no uncertainty about others …' behavior. We investigate punishment in a world with “reasonable doubt” about others' contributions. Interestingly, people … level of a setting without punishment. Our findings suggest that sufficient information accuracy about others' behavior is …

We use a public-good experiment to analyze behavior in a decentralized asymmetric punishment institution. The … institution is asymmetric in the sense that players differ in the effectiveness of their punishment. At the aggregate level, we … observe remarkable similarities between outcomes in asymmetric and symmetric punishment institutions. Controlling for the …

This paper investigates the efficacy of a punishment mechanism in promoting cooperative behaviour in a public goods … game when enforcement of punishment is uncertain. Experimental studies have found that a sanctioning system can induce … view that punishment needs to be exercised to be feared, otherwise the simple threat of it cannot be effective in promoting …

, even if punishment is costly. However, these studies focus on situations where there is no uncertainty about others …' behavior. We investigate punishment in a world with “reasonable doubt” about others' contributions. Interestingly, people … some non-trivial degree of noise, punishment (1) cannot maintain high contributions and (2) reduces welfare even below the …