Municipalities may have various motives for decisions on the mode of their task execution. Empirical studies – based on both public choice and transaction costs theory - have not yet provided a fully comprehensive explanation for municipal contracting out decisions. Therefore, we held...

The article aims to analyze non-motorized transport initiatives by adopting the innovation-in-services approach based on multi-agents. We selected ten cases in the municipality of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Our findings identified innovations in the local context in the treatment of infrastructure for...