-response functions, which are in turn used as data in matching estimators. The history is organized around the observability of shocks … Woodward between data and phenomena. The history of shocks shows that this distinction must be substantially relativized if it …

Alfred Marshall and Mary Paley Marshall are often described as the first academic economist couple. Both studied at … the UK post-Industrial Revolution and those apparent in cross-country data today. We argue that the persistence of the … enforces them, and suggest relevant policy work and areas for future research …

Alfred Marshall and Mary Paley Marshall are often described as the first academic economist couple. Both studied at … the UK post-Industrial Revolution and those apparent in cross-country data today. We argue that the persistence of the … enforces them, and suggest relevant policy work and areas for future research …

sites for applied work, the paper outlines a research agenda that will test the conjecture that there has been a changed …