economics, with Marshall's encouragement. But in later life, Marshall opposed granting Cambridge degrees to women and their … participation in academic economics. This paper recounts Alfred Marshall's use of gender norms, born out of a separate spheres … ideology, to promote and ingrain women's exclusion in academic economics and beyond. We demonstrate the persistence of this …

economics, with Marshall’s encouragement. But in later life, Marshall opposed granting Cambridge degrees to women and their … participation in academic economics. This paper recounts Alfred Marshall’s use of gender norms, born out of a separate spheres … ideology, to promote and ingrain women’s exclusion in academic economics and beyond. We demonstrate the persistence of this …