-level imports by country of origin and distinguish between firm-level outsourcing of final versus intermediate goods. Results … indicate that, both industry-level import competition and firm-level outsourcing to China reduce firm employment growth and …-level outsourcing of finished goods to China even increased firm's probability of survival. In terms of skill upgrading, the effect of …

country of origin and distinguish between firm-level outsourcing of final versus intermediate goods. Results indicate that … China is different from both other low-wage and OECD countries. Industry-level import competition and firm-level outsourcing … Belgian firm survival, while firm-level outsourcing of finished goods to China even increased firm's probability of survival …

Outsourced workers experience large wage declines, yet domestic outsourcing may raise aggregate productivity. To study … wage premia. Second, outsourcing raises output at the firm level. Third, contractors endogenously locate at the bottom of … the job ladder, implying that outsourced workers receive lower wages. Using firm-level instruments for outsourcing and …