fears deposition by coup d’état of the selectorate and revolutionary threats from citizens. We build a three player … political agency model to study the role of both these constraints and we show that the effectiveness of the selectorate and of … effectively discipline the leader because of the revolution threat notwithstanding the selectorate size, but this may result in a …

accountability in autocracies. We show that the citizens can effectively discipline the leader due to the threat of revolution … notwithstanding the size of the selectorate, though this may result in a failed state when the costs of revolution and the size of the … selectorate are small. Our model and results provide a useful framework for interpreting the political logic of the China …

provincial leaders whose incentives to deliver public goods can either be explained as a result of upward accountability towards … the Center or downward accountability towards the citizens. The confounding factor of upward accountability is ruled out …