An extensive literature examines whether senior executives’ contractual incentives influence their financial reporting decisions. However, little is known about whether— and how—the incentives of lower-level (or “rank-and-file”) employees, who are perhaps even more directly involved in...

This study examines whether the introduction of integrated reporting affects earnings management. According to the International Integrated Reporting Framework, published by the International Integrated Reporting Council in 2013, integrated reporting is intended not only to improve the quality...

We study the interrelation between conservatism and earnings management by examining the allowance for uncollectible accounts and its income statement counterpart, bad debt expense. We find that the allowance is conservative and that it has become more conservative over time. Conservatism may,...

The issue discussed in the present paper is associated with a theoretical view of accounting engineering in which it is perceived as covering activities based on the use of variant solutions permitted by Polish balance sheet law. These possibilities are defined as the accounting policy of a...