We investigate if local banks performance in the emerging or frontier market is affected by the extent to which managers manipulate their financial statements and by the banking market structure. An aberration from the extant literatures that have either focused mainly on the developed societies...

How vital are market conditions in determining the behavior of firms? In this paper we explore firm's impetus to manipulate earnings as it relates to their leverage and volatile cash flow positions in economic conditions. Borrowing a forerunner to proxy for pecking order and market-timing...