performance from the medieval period through industrialization and the transition to modern economic growth. These data confirm … anecdotal arguments that pre-industrial economies were not stagnant but rather experienced periods of growth followed by …, levels of per capita income remain low and this growth has not always been accompanied by the institutional and structural …

Africa's improved growth performance over the last 15 years provides an opportunity for the continent to transit from …. Government intervention in favour of industrialization in the 1960s-1970s resulted in the neglect of agriculture, poor growth … require accelerated agricultural productivity growth, a modernized informal service sector, and effective industrialization …

“African growth tragedy” , meaning that Africa's poor growth and resulting low income is associated with low schooling … insufficient infrastructure. In this essay, I will discuss the possible root of the “trajectory growth” in African countries from …

the long-run education does not affect income growth, indicating that in twentieth-century Africa it was inspiration (i …