A model is developed that shows the usefulness of dynamic optimization in deriving optimal equity recovery strategies for a cooperative lending institution. The objective is to minimize the cost of a member borrowing over time. An interest rate surcharge, above the cost of funds and operating...

Over the years, critics have argued that futures market prices have been either too low or too high. Speculators have often been the target for the wrath of those feeling the futures price does not properly reflect market fundamentals. Recently, the criticism has been vented toward a new type of...

This study examines the effect of changes in production, management, and transaction costs on the change from vertically integrated units to small farmers selling to independent processors in the Sri Lankan tea sector. The results indicate the shift from "make" to "buy" has been affected by the...