In sub-Saharan Africa, public resource allocation in social service sectors can be particular important in that low levels of development can make private services inaccessible for much of the population. In addition, short-term social services needs often compete with longer-term growth...

The primary objective of this report is to review the trends in public investment in Water for Agriculture Production (WfAP) at the national and subnational levels. Specifically, this report aims to i) review the national and sub-national literature on investment in WfAP with specific reference...

Global food markets demand the adoption of food standards by small-scale farmers in developing countries when they enter international markets. While a conventional certification with GlobalGAP can be a market entry condition for conventional food, especially for horticultural products, organic...

We examine the generalizability of internally valid estimates of causal effects in a fixed population over time when that population is subject to aggregate shocks. This temporal external validity is shown to depend upon the distribution of the aggregate shocks and the interaction between these...