), Nitrogen dioxide (LN2O) and deforestation (LDF) in Pakistan over the period spanning from 1986 to 2021. The present paper …

Physically, pollution occurs because it is virtually impossible to have a productive process that involves no waste …; economically, pollution occurs because polluting is less expensive than operating cleanly. This chapter explores the sources and … consequences of, and remedies for, pollution and associated environmental damages. If all goods had well-defined property rights …

"environmental" output tax levied on the polluting firm's output, as well as the effect of government spending on pollution abatement … over the cycle. In particular, a positive shock to pollution emission in the model works like a positive technological …, but less so along the environmental dimension, so more research is needed to understand the aggregate effects of pollution. …

carbon dioxide seems to be driven by deforestation. Given the importance of the Amazon region to global climate, these …