improve the quality of earnings and analyzed whether the control rights of a controlling shareholder mitigate the impact of … independent directors on earnings quality. Empirical results showed that independent directors can improve the quality of earnings …, and those hired because of mandatory appointments had a greater positive effect on earnings quality compared to directors …

This paper investigates how manipulating different earnings components will affect the likelihood of accounting …-related shareholder litigation. Firms can manipulate earnings upward by accelerating revenue recognition, understating expenses, and … overstating gains associated with special items. Firms can manipulate earnings downward by delaying revenue recognition …