The optimization of decentralized energy systems is an important practical problem that can be modeled using stochastic programs and solved via their large-scale, deterministic equivalent formulations. Unfortunately, using this approach, even when leveraging a high degree of parallelism on large...

This study proposes a modified Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm based on Hummingbird Flight (HBF) patterns to enhance the search quality and population diversity. The HBF has five concepts: (1) Smaller steps toward position updating are more likely than larger ones, (2) Position...