1994, the Israeli State Lottery sponsored the installation of computers in many elementary and middle schools. This program …

Netherlands we show that there is a relation between competition and student achievement in upper secondary education, but that it …The literature suggests that competition among schools might increase quality. However, not much empirical evidence is … the leading principle of the Dutch education system since the beginning of the 20th century. Based on panel data for the …

primary schools to investigate the empirical relationship between testscore TVA and observable traits and promotions of … control for potential sorting of students across schools. Using unique administrative panel data of students in public primary … schools of a large municipality of Japan, we find TVA distribution to have variance comparable to ones observed in the U …