surprisingly modest when translated into the implied effect on average retirement ages: an increase in statutory pension ages by … one year is typically estimated to increase the average effective retirement age by only about two months. …

educational attainment. About 1 percentage point is attributable to changes in statutory retirement ages, although part of the … reason these effects are not larger is that in most countries, statutory retirement ages have not kept pace with life … retirement pathways through unemployment or disability schemes has been a major factor in the turnaround in the participation …

We find that segments of society who have shorter life expectancy can expect a lower retirement income and lifetime … utility due to the longevity of other groups participating in the same pension scheme. Linking retirement age to average life …