and Russia is investigated using micro-data for 2002, 2013, and 2018. Estimated logit models show that, in both countries … female. We find that seniors in urban Russia are more likely to work for earnings than their counterparts in China. Two … earnings in urban China than in urban Russia. This is consistent with the facts that the normal retirement age is strictly …

and Russia is investigated using micro-data for 2002, 2013, and 2018. Estimated logit models indicate that, in both …, being female. We find that seniors in urban Russia are more likely to work for earnings than their counterparts in China … much stronger negative association with earnings in urban China than in urban Russia. This is consistent with the facts …