Closing the gap between pre-retirement income and retirement income without increasing mandatory social security contributions for the working population has become a policy issue for many countries in the last couple of years. In order to incentivize people to save privately for retirement,...

Pension benefit rules depend on individual history far more than taxes do, and age plays a much larger role in pension determination than in tax determination. Apart from some simulation studies, theoretical studies of optimal tax design typically contain neither a mandatory pension system nor...