In November 2008, the Federal Reserve announced the first of a series of unconventional monetary policies, which would include asset purchases and forward guidance, to reduce long-term interest rates. We investigate the behavior of shorts, considered sophisticated investors, before and after a...

We study after-hours trading (AHT), price contributions, and price discovery following quarterly earnings announcements released outside of the normal trading hours. For Standard & Poor's (S&P) 500 index stocks from 2004–2008, AHT is heightened on announcement days. A significant portion of...

In a single market, liquidity supply has two dimensions--price measured by the quoted spread, and quantity measured by the quoted depth. A third liquidity dimension, market breath, should be added when multiple markets quote the same security and there are enforceable regulatory penalties for a...