The most prevalent forecasts of firms' long-term earnings issued by analysts are two-year-ahead earnings per share (EPS) estimates. When introduced by analysts, two-year-ahead EPS estimates set market expectations for firms' future earnings. Subsequent revisions to these estimates are highly...

The vast majority of reports written by sell-side equity analysts conclude with a reiteration of the analyst's existing recommendation on a firm's stock. Yet there is a disproportionate amount of research that focuses on the market reactions of changes in recommendations and a prevailing sense...