This paper examines whether high valuation of loss firms really exists and can be explained by behavioral factors. This valuation may originate from irrational behavior of optimistic investors who prefer lottery-like stocks, or from rational expectations of firms' profitability. Using a sample...

Investors' financial skill rests on two elements: 1) literacy, which is the financial knowledge itself and the skill required to use the knowledge, and 2) rationality, which refers to the lack of major biases such as overconfidence. To estimate the level of investors' knowledge and rationality,...