Theory suggests that unhealthy banks exhibit more pronounced flight-to-quality behavior during financial crises and, hence, the infusion of capital through unhealthy banks is less effective in relieving the liquidity shocks of vulnerable borrowers. We test these predictions by investigating how...

We employ the implied volatility spread (IVS) and the short lending fee as measures of privateinformation conveyed by their respective markets. Using credit rating announcements as aninformational event, we find that both IVS and the short fee have significantly higher predictivepower for...