-employed in the sample reduces the immigrant-native earnings gap by, on average, 14 percent …

earlier waves of repatriates, which provides us a strong source of exogenous variation in the 1989 immigrant shock across …

to document that the employment decline was particularly severe for immigrants. Historically, immigrant men were more … likely to be employed than native men. The COVID-related labor market disruptions eliminated the immigrant employment … advantage. By April 2020, immigrant men had lower employment rates than native men. The reversal occurred both because the rate …

absorb immigrant workers, resulting in little or no effect on the native workforce. …