Though the negative correlation between fertility and development has been long acknowledged, it is challenging to … estimate the causal effect of female labor force participation (FLFP) on fertility. We use a novel instrument for estimating … fertility. We find large effects on fertility and mothers’ age: increases in FLFP can explain at least 42% of the reduction in …

This study provides the first empirical evidence of the causal impact of fertility outcomes on old-age labor supply, by … exogenous instruments of fertility. The results show strong impact of children on preventing old parents from strenuous works at …

particularly relevant to policies for dealing with the gender pay gap and below-replacement fertility rates, both thought to be …

special attention to estimating how intended fertility (fertility before children are born) responds to these policies. We use … two evaluation tools: (i) a dynamic model on fertility, labor supply, outsourced childcare time, parental time, asset … expenditure to increase fertility to the replacement level might be viewed as prohibitively high. …

This paper explores how inflows of low-skilled immigrants impact the tradeoffs women face when making joint fertility … and labor supply decisions. I find increases in fertility and decreases in labor force participation rates among high …

potentially more convenient childcare options with increased fertility. An analysis of U.S. Census data between 1980 and 2000 … among women who are most likely to consider childcare costs when making fertility decisions - namely, married women with a … the types of women who have stronger fertility relative to labor supply responses to immigrant-induced changes in …

This paper explores how inflows of low-skilled immigrants impact the tradeoffs women face when making joint fertility … and labor supply decisions. I find increases in fertility and decreases in labor force participation rates among high …