Trade union rights have a considerably long history in Russia. First trade unions were organized as early as in the XIX century, but it was not earlier than 1906, when the first legislative steps in regard to trade union recognition were made. In the legislation there was a particular procedure...

This article investigates the transformations of the French unionism and of the French system of industrial relations over the last years and their probable future. It shows: an evolution from a militant unionism to a professionalized trade unionist system; the decline of collective actions; the...

Subcontracting — the practice of using intermediaries to contract workers, whether through temp agencies, manpower agencies, franchise, or other multilayered contracting — is an increasingly popular pattern of employment worldwide. Whether justified from a business perspective or not,...