Despite unanimous agreement in the existing literature that morale influences employee performance, no well-defined measure of morale exists. Our study develops a robust measure of morale and focuses on the factors that influence morale among Russian workers. Survey data were collected from...

Do non-cognitive traits contribute to the gender gap in supervisory status and promotion? We use a large employer-employee matched dataset collected from six former socialist countries to assess the link between non-cognitive traits and upward mobility. Controlling for workplace heterogeneity,...

Do younger workers in transition economies have a different work ethic from those who were trained and employed in the former socialist economy? Is the link between work ethic and performance among workers in transition economies the same for both older and younger workers? We address these...