The European social-welfare model differs from the North American individualistic model in the patterns, more than the overall extent, of ethnic inclusion and exclusion. Focussing on foreigners in Germany and immigrants in Canada as illustrative cases, conventional earnings decomposition...

Income effects of unemployment and involuntary short-time work are investigated in the context of the East German transformation process from a planned socialistic economy to a market-oriented economy. Theoretical considerations from human capital theory are derived for the income effects in...