improve the rate of employment for older individuals. …

relatively high earnings in comparison to employees without employment interruptions several years before the non-employment … spell. This earnings advantage turns into a strong earnings disadvantage shortly before the non-employment spell. Younger … unemployed have a relatively stable and small earnings disadvantage before non-employment. Second, while the younger employees …

. For example, Spain and the US may experience positive effects on employment when the labor force grows older. In contrast …