where firms who match with entrant workers have to incur training costs. As a result, firms are biased against entrant …

Reducing youth unemployment and generating more and better youth employment opportunities are key policy challenges …, counseling, training, and placement services. Such programs can be expensive, however, which underscores the need to focus on …

Changes in the structure and regulation of employment in Japan differentially impact men and women. The labor force … participation of Japanese women is increasing, but women's employment is concentrated in relatively deregulated and flexible forms … of non-standard and precarious employment. Women and men have relatively equal levels of unemployment at present, but the …