India has the world's biggest and arguably most aggressive employment-based affirmative action policy for minorities …. This paper exploits the institutional features of a federally mandated employment quota policy to examine its causal impact … that a 1-percentage point increase in the employment quota for Scheduled Castes increases the likelihood of obtaining a …

, household employment (a concept introduced in this chapter) and social spending in European welfare states. The chapter provides … a first exploration of a central theme of the book, which relates to employment-centered welfare reform: is it possible … to structurally replace spending on cash benefits for working-age adults and their families with employment creation and …