Examines efforts to strengthen Economic and Monetary Union in the European Union, especially over the last decade. It also reviews the wide-ranging reforms undertaken since the crises of the early 2010s and assesses whether they go far enough.

This study provides a background for the preparation of the Broad Economic Policy Guidelines (BEPG) 2003 and assists the EP in putting forward recommendations in supply-side issues covered in the BEPGs. The report looks at investment, progress in opening markets, integration of financial...

The current financial, economic and fiscal crisis is among other things characterised by complex interrelations between financial, fiscal, macroeconomic and political instability. One instability breeds another, with feedback loops generating self-reinforcing adverse cycles: The financial crisis...