estimate how gender and race are asso ciated with each pathway. We identify five distinct pathways characterized by varying de … exclusion as well as recurrent spells of in-work poverty. Gender and race differences persist even after controlling for la bor …

In all Western societies women earn lower wages on average than men. The gender wage gap has existed for many years … progress made by women in the labor market, and the characteristics and causes of remaining gender inequalities. It also covers … other dimensions of inequality and their interplay with gender, such as family formation, wellbeing, race, and immigrant …