This report examines how income groups and forms of employment in Germany have changed in the past two decades. Since … the mid-1990s, inequality in disposable household income in Germany has generally increased. This trend was in effect … the income distribution increased. At the same time, there were many changes in the labor market. Employment rose, working …

(Minijobs), low-educated and low-income workers, and to some extent women. Short-time work (Kurzarbeit), one of the central … the widespread use of Kurzarbeit, about one-in-five low-income workers who had been employed in 2019 were out of work in … January/February 2021. This reflects that a higher share of low-income workers had been on part-time contracts and in Minijobs …

nationally representative survey with more than 324,000 observations in 17 years. Firstly, after controlling for household income …