Disruptions of labor market trajectories have lasting effects on later economic success. One type of disruption that is understudied is displacement due to forced labor conscription, despite it still being a frequent event nowadays. I study the consequences of exposure to forced labor...

"Methodically researched study examines the activities of the state, which depended on highly labor-intensive coffee production and export, in the proletarianization of the indigenous population. Peasants practicing subsistence agriculture and minifundistas lost their land or access to land and...