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between 1940 and 1979 in seven European countries (Bulgaria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Georgia, Italy, and Lithuania … differences. On the one hand, the three Western countries considered in the analysis, France, Germany, and Italy, show a clear …
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This report evaluates ‘under-declared employment', which is the practice where a formal employer pays a formal employee an official declared wage but also an additional undeclared (envelope) wage in order to evade the full social insurance and tax liabilities owed. The aim is to evaluate the...
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The aim of this introductory article is to provide a critical overview of how informality has been defined and measured, together with selected findings on its extent and character, and a summary of competing views regarding its role in contemporary economies and how it can be tackled. The...
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Purpose – This paper aims to evaluate the use of personal connections to circumvent formal procedures, known as blat in the Soviet era, in post-Soviet societies by studying its role in graduate employment recruitment. Design/methodology/approach – To do this, the extent to which and how blat...
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Strikes as a consequence of labour conflicts occur about 28 times as much in France as in the Netherlands. This paper … formation on a macro-level is much higher in France than in the Netherlands. … strike activity is high in France if workers were successful in obtaining relatively high wage increases in collective labour …
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Strikes as a consequence of labour conflicts occur about 28 times as much in France as in the Netherlands. This paper … formation on a macro-level is much higher in France than in the Netherlands … strike activity is high in France if workers were successful in obtaining relatively high wage increases in collective labour …
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10014074618