A gender differential in wages is considered to be discriminatory if the differential cannot be explained by gender differences in productivity. Numerous studies have been performed to measure the extent of gender wage discrimination in countries across the world, and most report a substantial...

This paper offers a new representation of discrimination on the job market based on the most recent findings in the socio-psychological academic literature about human behavior. Put it simply, it is assumed that the agents prefer working with people like themselves. This affinity principle is...

The transition has generated an unprecedented phenomenon in the Romania: the loss of millions of jobs by people who have almost no personal experience of job loss or of a competitive labour market. Although female participation in the labour force has decreased in Romania, male participation has...

Based on a correspondence study conducted in France, we show that fictitious low-skilled applicants in the private sector are half as likely to be called back by the employers when they are of North African rather than French origin. By contrast, the origin of the fictitious applicants does not...

Ethnic and racial discrimination in the hiring process is a common and documented problem. Scientists from different backgrounds and numerous countries have tried to measure the extent of this form of discrimination, mostly by using field experiments such as audit or correspondence tests. This...

Older women compose a large share of labor force in the U.S. There are two federal statutes that can provide protection for older women against employers' discriminatory behavior: the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) and Title VII of the Civil Rights Act (Title VII). Theories and...

This article presents the first large-scale audit study of discrimination against openly gay men in the United States. Pairs of fictitious résumés were sent in response to 1,769 job postings in seven states. One résumé in each pair was randomly assigned experience in a gay campus...

Despite gains in female representation in early career stages, large gender gaps persist atthe higher ends of the income distribution. This paper uses an experiment to study whetheraffirmative action, which has been used mainly in early career stages, could have a hiddencost. Specifically, by...

Employers and employment systems have been inflexible when it comes to accommodating a woman’s dual role as childbearer and employee. This inflexibility is a frustrating inconvenience and harsh reality that women must confront daily. Women are being passed over for promotions, fired for...

Racial inequality in economic outcomes, particularly among the college educated, persists throughout US society. Scholars debate whether this inequality stems from racial differences in human capital (e.g., college selectivity, GPA, college major) or employer discrimination against black job...