An introduction to the "Gloves-off economy" / Annette Bernhardt, Heather Boushey, Laura Dresser, and Chris Tilly -- Working beyond the reach or grasp of employment law / Noah D. Zatz -- Putting wages back into competition : deunionization and degradation in place-bound industries / Ruth Milkman...

This paper documents the emergence and growth of digital labour markets in Eastern Europe. It shows that the development of two types of digital work – online work through online labour platforms and offline work mediated by mobile apps – have a different history, root causes and dynamics....