This paper investigates progress in reducing the high level of racial stratification of occupations after apartheid in …-paying jobs (compared with whites). Less than a third of segregation and about half of racial stratification in occupational … over time. Segregation and stratification, however, remain when blacks and whites with similar characteristics are compared. …

We extend the conventional framework for measuring segregation to consider stratification of occupations by gender, i … US has been accompanied by a deeper, longer reduction in gender stratification. We further investigate the role of … workers' characteristics, showing that gender differences cannot explain the levels of segregation/stratification in any year …

Social stratification is determined not only by income, education, race, and gender, but also by an individual’s job … mapping social stratification. …

gender segregation and stratification, with women and men entering occupations previously dominated by the other gender …