In this paper we analyze if an `urban mortality penalty' exists for today's developing countries, repeating the history …-Saharan African countries for differences in child and adult mortality between rural and urban areas. Our findings indicate that child … mortality is higher in rural areas for almost all countries. On average child mortality rates are 13.6 percent in rural areas …

age-specific mortality rates and differences in "survivability". Declining age-specific mortality rates increases life … recent widening of mortality rates between rich and poor due to lifestyle-related diseases does not explain much of the rise … poor, made initial differences in lifestyle-related mortality more consequential via survivability. …

political spectrum wanted mortality and healthcare to be distributed more evenly among the rich and poor than they estimated …