migrating peasants, and, consequently, has a positive effect on narrowing the rural-urban income or consumption gap. Urban labor …, this paper summarizes research findings on the relationship between urbanization, urban-rural inequality, and poverty, and … provides further empirical evidence on the role of urbanization and government policies in urban poverty. Several conclusions …

neighbourhoods have multiple problems - unemployment three times the nationalaverage; Income Support claims twice as high; health and … educational attainment wellbelow average; and often sub-standard and hard-to-let housing, poor environments andhigh crime and … advantaged areas: economic restructuring, counter-urbanisation,changing housing demand, rising inequality and international …

across households attributable to income and education. Within households, they relate individuals' exposure to pollution in …, construction materials, and ventilation practices. They find that these choices are significantly affected by family income and … twice the pollution levels of relatively high-income households with highly-educated adults. For children in a typical …