Over the past sixty years, the concept of development has expanded from economic growth and investment, to poverty … infrastructure to growth; the significance of growth, infrastructure, and human development to poverty reduction; the contribution of … growth and human development to sustainable development; the effect of nonfarm incomes to growth, poverty reduction, and …

health insurance could mitigate vulnerability to poverty. Other challenges-birth control policy, adequate sanitation … reason why households fall into poverty. Empirical research has shown that in these countries, households are unable to … to poverty and to model the effects of health shocks on vulnerability to poverty. Results: The estimates of vulnerability …