. Inequality significantly increases crime, while the poverty reduction does not reduce crime. 2. The widening consumption gap … between urban and rural residents may be the cause of crime, the effect is more significant for visible consumer goods. 3. The … excessive consumption difference between the rich and ordinary people may lead to crime. 4. The increasing inequality of …

indeed strongly associated with the household per-capita income and expenditure and with various triangulating measures of …

migrating peasants, and, consequently, has a positive effect on narrowing the rural-urban income or consumption gap. Urban labor …

mothers' economic well-being. Using 25-years of longitudinal data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) from 1990 to … parenthood is as strongly linked to reduced income as partner absence. Comparing how these different routes to single motherhood … affect economic outcomes, I show that previously married mothers face larger income penalties than those who were single when …