Social reforms typically require long-term, incremental policy changes. Traditional World Bank (WB) funding for discrete investments or technical assistance often had little broad policy impact. Even sector adjustment loans tended to be too inflexible and short-term to support ongoing social...

In order to meet the challenges of providing affordable public transit services for the urban poor and at a cost that doesn't impinge on the system's financial sustainability, cities can consider setting fares at "cost recovery" levels for the majority of the population and targeting subsidies...

We study food Engel curves among the poor population targeted by a conditional cash transfer programme in Colombia. After controlling for the endogeneity of total expenditure and for the (unobserved) variability of prices across villages, the best fit is provided by a log-linear specification....