Bourguignon and Fields ("Poverty Measures and Anti-Poverty Policy") and Gangopadhyay and Subramanian ("Optimal … Budgetary Intervention in Poverty Alleviation Schemes") have derived optimal budgetary rules for the redress of poverty through … direct income transfers when poverty is measured by the Foster, Greer and Thorbecke Pá class of indices in the context of a …

poverty. Yet, the question of whether access to credit leads to poverty reduction and improved wellbeing remains open. To … income, consumption, human capital and assets, and, ultimately, a reduction in poverty. …

One of the targets of Europe's growth strategy (Europe 2020) is "reduction of poverty by aiming to lift at least 20 … million people out of the risk of poverty or social exclusion". Since poverty is a multidimensional concept, EUROSTAT proposes … three indicators to calculate it: people at risk-of-poverty after social transfers (persons are at risk of poverty if their …

How should relative poverty be defined and measured in a European Union where there are substantial variations in … suggests that Europe-wide comparisons are more important to the perception of poverty than the convention of national relative … poverty lines would have led us to expect. Even relative poverty is more prevalent in the new low-income (eastern) countries …